What is Fatty Liver? Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
The medical term for fatty liver is steatosis. It refers to a condition where excessive fat accumulates in the liver cells due to unhealthy diet, obesity, diabetes, high triglyceride levels, or excessive alcohol consumption. There are two types of fatty liver: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related fatty liver disease. In alcohol-related fatty liver, alcohol is the primary cause. Normally, the liver contains only small amounts of fat, but when fat makes up more than 5% of the liver’s weight, it poses a risk to liver health. At fat levels above 30%, laboratory and/or clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, and an enlarged liver may occur.
What is Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease occurs when fat accumulates in the liver despite little or no alcohol consumption. Causes include obesity, genetic predisposition, high triglyceride levels, diabetes, or insulin resistance. Fat buildup in the liver can lead to liver damage and, in severe cases, irreversible conditions such as liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.
What is Alcohol-Related Fatty Liver Disease?
Alcohol-related fatty liver is caused by alcohol consumption. Just a few days of excessive drinking can lead to fat accumulation in the liver. If alcohol consumption is stopped in time, the liver can recover. However, continued drinking increases the risk of alcohol-induced hepatitis or liver cirrhosis.
Symptoms of Fatty Liver
In the early stages, fatty liver often causes no symptoms. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear:
- Chronic fatigue
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
- Pain in the right upper abdomen
- Appetite and weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Swelling in the legs and abdomen (edema)
- Skin itching
- Dark urine
- Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
How to Treat Fatty Liver?
Weight loss and regular exercise are particularly effective in treating fatty liver. A Mediterranean diet and exercising 3-4 days per week are recommended.
One of the most beneficial foods for the liver is coffee. Daily coffee consumption not only helps with fatty liver but also reduces the risk of liver cancer. Compared to commonly known foods like artichokes and milk thistle, coffee shows significantly better results. Consuming three cups of coffee a day can positively impact liver health.
The following methods and foods are particularly helpful:
- Green leafy vegetables like spinach and broccoli
- Fatty fish like salmon, tuna, trout, and sardines, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids
- Fiber-rich legumes and whole grains like peas, chickpeas, rye, and oats
- Antioxidant-rich foods like artichokes and blueberries
- Unsaturated fats such as olive oil, avocado oil, and canola oil
- Turmeric
- Reducing added sugars, especially table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup
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